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ection 0.1.6
– paragraph 18):
How did the
Europeans come to dominate the world? Was it due to Europe’s geography or that
it was never controlled by a single emperor? Was it because Europeans were
intellectually and morally superior? Or was it that Europeans were actually
morally inferior, more racist, ruthless, and arrogant? Did Europeans invent
modernity? What started the Industrial Revolution? Was China
repressed by Confucianism, India by Hinduism and the Middle East by
Mohammedism? Was European religion or its practice superior, or did Europeans ride
to success on the backs of slaves? Was it just an accident?
This chapter covers the rise of modern scientific,
religious and political thinking, especially in Western Europe, and the three
waves of European colonial expansion. There is a huge volume of literature on
these issues that presents a wide range of views. But we attempt to summarise
the major events of the period so that we can work out reasonable global
beliefs and values that affect our everyday life.
The major themes in this period are in Europe the
rise of science and the decline of religious authority, worldwide progress
in the development of modern states and the spread of technology, and the
causes and effects of European colonialism in the context of other global
political changes. The First World War (WWI, 1914-18) was like
a European civil war that involved its colonies around the world. This set the
conditions for the Second World War (WWII, 1939-45). After that, the world
had changed.
There is of course some overlap in these trends with the
periods before and after this one. We look at how we know what we know under
the following topic headings:
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1. Major Historical Themes:
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What were the major changes worldwide in this period?
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2. European Developments:
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1500-1600s: Reformation, Enlightenment, etc
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Is it
reasonable to break down this area into these topics at this level?
Click on
feedback, or add a comment below, to tell us if you agree or disagree, or
suggest improvements.
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3. Middle East and Asia:
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Muslim world, China, India
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4. Colonization First Wave:
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Americas, Conquistadores, slavery, etc
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5. Science and Commerce:
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The 1700s
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6. Colonization Second Wave:
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India, South East Asia, Australasia, Oceania
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7. Industrial Revolution
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The 1800s in Europe: Industrial Revolution
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8. Colonization Third Wave:
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1800s-1900s Africa, China
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9. Growth and Wars:
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From 1900 to 1950, including two world wars.
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10. Economic Changes:
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How did these developments affect income and wealth distributions?
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This is the
current summary of our conclusions in this area:
Western Europe adapted Asian
technology and its own to colonise the nearby Americas, then much of the rest
of world, accidentally spreading Eurasian diseases, exploiting local allies who
sided with the invaders, exploiting the Atlantic slave trade, capitalising on
technological advantages and developing industrial superiority.
more Statement
18
We see the benefit of effecting values
such as sovereignty, human rights, and democracy, for had these been valued the
colonial empires would not have been established. We value prosperity, though
in this period it was limited to the few. We value diversity, to allow new
opinions to be expressed, to respect others, especially those with different
cultures and ethnicity.
Members can tell us (publicly) what they think of this page. How can we improve it? Enter your comments.
Anyone can tell us (privately) what they think directly by email: click on 'Feedback' below.
Be the first to add a comment on this page.
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