This chapter covers the areas of science concerned with how
our brains developed and how they work now, such as evolutionary psychology, psychology,
sociology, neuroscience and cognitive science. We cover this in just enough
detail so that we can work out what to believe and why, so that we can decide
what to do, in our day to day life, and in the big decisions of life. Unfortunately
that means there is a lot to cover.
For now, we have indicated the questions and the main
topics we intend to address. We MAY look at how we know what we know under the
following INDICATIVE DRAFT topic headings.
Here we review briefly the development of nervous systems
and brains in animals, from primitive worms and insects, through fish, amphibians,
reptiles, birds and mammals, to primates and humans. We need to address several
key developments related to our current behaviour:
a. self-awareness
and consciousness,
b. the
intellectual development, of our ability to understand;
c. the
emotional changes in our bodily responses and the feelings generated in our
minds;
d. the moral
changes, as we became human and humans formed into large societies; and
a. Mystical
experiences; and
b. Near death
experiences.
The following mooted topics will be
rationalised and structured as we develop the chapter contents.
|
1. My Brain and Me: ( Paragraph 18 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Parallel (associative) and Sequential (active) circular
reactions? ( Paragraph 19 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
2. Brains as Processes: ( Paragraph 20 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
How do collections of neurons implement mental processes? ( Paragraph 21 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
3. Techniques: ( Paragraph 22 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
How we know what we know about brains? ( Paragraph 23 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
4. World Views: ( Paragraph 24 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
All species see the world so differently. ( Paragraph 25 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Is it reasonable to break down this area into
these topics at this level? ( Paragraph 26 Trans Error: Unknown )
Click on feedback, or add a comment below, to
tell us if you agree or disagree, or suggest improvements. ( Paragraph 27 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
5. Lizard Brains: ( Paragraph 28 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Attention and Emotions: sex, fear, etc. ( Paragraph 29 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
6. Mammalian Brains: ( Paragraph 30 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Perception and Action. ( Paragraph 31 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
7. Mammalian Brains: ( Paragraph 32 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Feelings and Thoughts ( Paragraph 33 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
8. Fast and Slow Systems ( Paragraph 34 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Survival benefits of fast brains. ( Paragraph 35 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
9. Seeing Other Minds: ( Paragraph 36 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Animals co-operate and compete. ( Paragraph 37 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
10. Group Cooperation: ( Paragraph 38 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Altruism, self-interest and moral calculus. ( Paragraph 39 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
11. Group Competition: ( Paragraph 40 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Primate aggression to ‘outsiders’. ( Paragraph 41 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
12. Early Communication: ( Paragraph 42 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Use of other signals, smell, body, cries, ( Paragraph 43 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
13. Tools and Culture: ( Paragraph 44 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Tool use and culture in other animals. ( Paragraph 45 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 46 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
14. Rituals and Songs: ( Paragraph 47 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Dance and song as language precursors. ( Paragraph 48 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 49 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
15. Self-Awareness: ( Paragraph 50 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
How could non-humans be self-aware? ( Paragraph 51 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 52 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
16. Awareness of Death: ( Paragraph 53 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Occurs in animals, seen in archaeology. ( Paragraph 54 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 55 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
17. Human Brains: ( Paragraph 56 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Cerebral cortex and longer chains, etc. ( Paragraph 57 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
18. Brain Regions: ( Paragraph 58 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Centres for language and self-control, etc. ( Paragraph 59 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 60 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
19. Language and Stories: ( Paragraph 61 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Imperatives and Narratives. ( Paragraph 62 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 63 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
20. Concepts/Abstraction: ( Paragraph 64 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Social constructs and illusion (maya). ( Paragraph 65 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 66 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
21. Reason: ( Paragraph 67 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Induction and deduction. ( Paragraph 68 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 69 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
22. Primitive Physics: ( Paragraph 70 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
3D, steady time, colours, causal, agents etc ( Paragraph 71 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 72 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
23. Human Altruism: ( Paragraph 73 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
How do humans behave altruistically? ( Paragraph 74 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 75 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
24. Intelligence: ( Paragraph 76 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Does it matter? What influences it? ( Paragraph 77 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 78 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
25. Emotional Growth: ( Paragraph 79 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Effects of early years? ( Paragraph 80 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 81 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
26. Mental Development: ( Paragraph 82 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Imitation, Concrete, Abstract phases ( Paragraph 83 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 84 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
27. Emotional Maturity: ( Paragraph 85 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Beyond simple rules and fixed structures? ( Paragraph 86 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 87 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
28. Human Violence: ( Paragraph 88 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Is violence intrinsic, or is it cultural? ( Paragraph 89 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 90 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
29. Racism: ( Paragraph 91 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Our expanding circle of concern. ( Paragraph 92 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 93 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
30. Psycho/Sociopaths ( Paragraph 94 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
How do we treat unfeeling people? ( Paragraph 95 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 96 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
31. Gender Realities: ( Paragraph 97 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Different benefits and costs in reproduction. ( Paragraph 98 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 99 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
32. Heterosexuality: ( Paragraph 100 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Including reproductive strategies? ( Paragraph 101 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 102 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
33. Homosexuality: ( Paragraph 103 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
How natural is homosexuality? ( Paragraph 104 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 105 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
34. Gender Illusions: ( Paragraph 106 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Real differences between men and women? ( Paragraph 107 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 108 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
35. Mental Errors: ( Paragraph 109 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
The many ways we deceive ourselves? ( Paragraph 110 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 111 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
36. Mental Illness: ( Paragraph 112 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Can we honestly identify treat it? ( Paragraph 113 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 114 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
37. Social Norms ( Paragraph 115 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
How we construct and change our realities? ( Paragraph 116 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 117 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
38. Eccentrics and Others: ( Paragraph 118 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
How do we cope as outsiders in society? ( Paragraph 119 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 120 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
39. Mind Affecting Drugs: ( Paragraph 121 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Do psychedelics and so on give us insights? ( Paragraph 122 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 123 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
40. Addictions: ( Paragraph 124 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Are these genetic, environmental or moral? ( Paragraph 125 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 126 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
41. Mystical Experiences: ( Paragraph 127 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
How do we explain mystical experiences? ( Paragraph 128 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 129 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
42. Death Experiences: ( Paragraph 130 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
How we explain near death experiences? ( Paragraph 131 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 132 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
43. Connection and Hope: ( Paragraph 133 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Do we have real objective needs for these? ( Paragraph 134 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 135 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
44. Mental Education: ( Paragraph 136 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
How we rise above the limitations we see? ( Paragraph 137 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 138 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
45. Enhancing our Brains: ( Paragraph 139 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Can drugs or embedded chips, enhance us? ( Paragraph 140 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 141 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
46. Artificial Intelligence: ( Paragraph 142 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Can computers ever think and be conscious? ( Paragraph 143 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 144 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
47. Extra-terrestrial Life: ( Paragraph 145 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
Is there other intelligent life in the universe? ( Paragraph 146 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 147 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
|
( Paragraph 148 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 149 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
( Paragraph 150 Trans Error: Unknown )
|
The detailed sections explain how we
justify these conclusions.