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  • Languages

  • 2.7 How Minds Began: Sciences of the Mind

    Version 1.3 August 2015                                              (Previous Version)

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    These are the questions we ask in the introduction (Section 0.1.6 – paragraph 13):

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    If there is nothing divine in us, how can we be conscious? What is consciousness?  How can we be self-aware? Why are people sometimes so mean, so selfish, so stupid?  Why are people sometimes so kind, generous, and clever?  How can we be so rational sometimes and so emotional other times?  Why do men and women think so differently?  Why are we all a bit racist and all a bit sexist?  How come humans like music and singing?  How did the apes learn to speak?

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    We may refine these as we develop this Chapter.

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    This chapter covers the areas of science concerned with how our brains developed and how they work now, such as evolutionary psychology, psychology, sociology, neuroscience and cognitive science.  We cover this in just enough detail so that we can work out what to believe and why, so that we can decide what to do, in our day to day life, and in the big decisions of life.  Unfortunately that means there is a lot to cover.

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    For now, we have indicated the questions and the main topics we intend to address.  We MAY look at how we know what we know under the following INDICATIVE DRAFT topic headings.

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    Here we review briefly the development of nervous systems and brains in animals, from primitive worms and insects, through fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, to primates and humans.  We need to address several key developments related to our current behaviour:

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    a)     the physical development of our senses, nervous system and brain structure and capacity;

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    b)     how our intellectual, emotional, moral and consciousness development was integrated;

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    a.      self-awareness and consciousness,

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    b.     the intellectual development, of our ability to understand;

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    c.      the emotional changes in our bodily responses and the feelings generated in our minds;

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    d.     the moral changes, as we became human and humans formed into large societies; and

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    c)     the development of our senses of mystery, awe, longing, connection, including

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    a.      Mystical experiences; and

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    b.     Near death experiences.

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    The following mooted topics will be rationalised and structured as we develop the chapter contents.

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    1. My Brain and Me:

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    Parallel (associative) and Sequential (active) circular reactions?

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    2. Brains as Processes:

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    How do collections of neurons implement mental processes?

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    3. Techniques:

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    How we know what we know about brains?

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    4. World Views:

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    All species see the world so differently.

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    Is it reasonable to break down this area into these topics at this level?

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    Click on feedback, or add a comment below, to tell us if you agree or disagree, or suggest improvements.

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    5. Lizard Brains:

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    Attention and Emotions: sex, fear, etc.

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    6. Mammalian Brains:

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    Perception and Action.

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    7. Mammalian Brains:

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    Feelings and Thoughts

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    8. Fast and Slow Systems

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    Survival benefits of fast brains.

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    9. Seeing Other Minds:

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    Animals co-operate and compete.

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    10. Group Cooperation:

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    Altruism, self-interest and moral calculus.

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    11. Group Competition:

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    Primate aggression to ‘outsiders’.

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    12. Early Communication:

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    Use of other signals, smell, body, cries,

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    13. Tools and Culture:

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    Tool use and culture in other animals.

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    14. Rituals and Songs:

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    Dance and song as language precursors.

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    15. Self-Awareness:

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    How could non-humans be self-aware?

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    16. Awareness of Death:

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    Occurs in animals, seen in archaeology.

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    17. Human Brains:

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    Cerebral cortex and longer chains, etc.

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    18. Brain Regions:

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    Centres for language and self-control, etc.

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    19. Language and Stories:

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    Imperatives and Narratives.

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    20. Concepts/Abstraction:

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    Social constructs and illusion (maya).

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    21. Reason:

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    Induction and deduction.

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    22. Primitive Physics:

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    3D, steady time, colours, causal, agents etc

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    23. Human Altruism:

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    How do humans behave altruistically?

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    24. Intelligence:

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    Does it matter?  What influences it?

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    25. Emotional Growth:

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    Effects of early years?

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    26. Mental Development:

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    Imitation, Concrete, Abstract phases

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    27. Emotional Maturity:

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    Beyond simple rules and fixed structures?

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    28. Human Violence:

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    Is violence intrinsic, or is it cultural?

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    29. Racism:

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    Our expanding circle of concern.

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    30. Psycho/Sociopaths

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    How do we treat unfeeling people?

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    31. Gender Realities:

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    Different benefits and costs in reproduction.

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    32. Heterosexuality:

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    Including reproductive strategies?

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    33. Homosexuality:

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    How natural is homosexuality?

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    34. Gender Illusions:

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    Real differences between men and women?

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    35. Mental Errors:

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    The many ways we deceive ourselves?

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    36. Mental Illness:

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    Can we honestly identify treat it?

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    37. Social Norms

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    How we construct and change our realities?

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    38. Eccentrics and Others:

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    How do we cope as outsiders in society?

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    39. Mind Affecting Drugs:

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    Do psychedelics and so on give us insights?

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    40. Addictions:

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    Are these genetic, environmental or moral?

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    41. Mystical Experiences:

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    How do we explain mystical experiences?

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    42. Death Experiences:

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    How we explain near death experiences?

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    43. Connection and Hope:

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    Do we have real objective needs for these?

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    44. Mental Education:

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    How we rise above the limitations we see?

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    45. Enhancing our Brains:

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    Can drugs or embedded chips, enhance us?

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    46. Artificial Intelligence:

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    Can computers ever think and be conscious?

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    47. Extra-terrestrial Life:

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    Is there other intelligent life in the universe?

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    This is the current summary of our conclusions in this area:

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    Science is developing explanations of how humans evolved into emotional, thinking, conscious, tool making, singing, talking hunter gatherers, with moral and spiritual feelings, an innate calculus of right and wrong; how xenophobia, racism, sexuality and sexism evolved, and how we can control our ‘primitive’ nature.

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      more (later)                                                               Statement 13

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    The detailed sections explain how we justify these conclusions.

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